Critical Podium Dewanand Religion
What is Buddhism? A Brief Overview Of Buddhism /
Siddhartha Gautama
Sacrificer unknown
Sacrifice code wfor0270
Sacrifice date 25 march 2009
What is Buddhism? A Brief Overview Of Buddhism.
Buddhism is one of the world's oldest religions. At its core are the
quests to understand life and to help people overcome their basic sufferings.
Nichiren Daishonin's Buddhism traces its origins to the teachings of Shakyamuni,
who is said to have lived some 2,500 years ago. Known as Siddhartha Gautama
in his youth, at age 19, he was a royal heir in India. His palace life
was far removed from the everyday life of common people, and when he discovered
how people suffered outside the palace walls, he set out to find out how
to overcome the roots of basic human suffering.
He made it his life's purpose to find solutions to the inescapable sufferings
of life. He sought the foremost teachers of his day and practiced the
extreme forms of asceticism they advocated as the means to realize the
ultimate reality of life. After following their teachings for several
years, and on the point of death from fasting, Shakyamuni realized that
their path was too extreme. He awakened to the wisdom of the "middle
way," neither the extreme of austerity nor of indulgence.
After accepting food from a young girl, he sat down under the "Bodhi"
(a pipal) tree. There he entered a profound meditation and finally attained
enlightenment. He began at once to teach anyone who would listen. He would
engage admirer and objector alike in dialogue and discourse to convey
his awareness and insight into the human condition.
For some forty years following his awakening at age 30, he imparted to
others portions of his own enlightenment. During the final eight years
of his life, he expounded his ultimate teachings, which were later compiled
as the Lotus Sutra. The Lotus Sutra is unique among the teachings of Buddhism
because it affirms that the attainment of enlightenment is possible for
all people without distinction of race, gender, social standing or education.
Buddhism, as epitomized in the Lotus Sutra, is a powerful, life-affirming,
egalitarian and humanistic teaching.
Following Shakyamuni's passing, various schools of Buddhism spread throughout
Asia. It was only natural that a broad range of interpretive schools should
emerge, since in his fifty-year teaching career he had employed a wide
variety of means by which to transmit his enlightenment to people of various
capacities and circumstances.
The Lotus Sutra gained particular prominence as it spread through Central
Asia into China, the Korean Peninsula and Japan. At the same time, however,
confusion began to reign as to the true nature of Buddhism and the relative
superiority of the sutras. To solve the problem, leading minds of the
time compared and systematized the various teachings; eventually a scholar
from China called Chih-i (later known as the Great Teacher T'ien-t'ai)
developed a definitive standard by which to judge them. This standard
classified Shakyamuni's teachings according to the order in which he expounded
them, the nature of the particular doctrine taught in each sutra and the
method of its exposition. By classifying the teachings in this manner,
T'ien-t'ai clarified that all the sutras were means of preparation for
the highest teaching, the Lotus Sutra.
It was Nichiren Daishonin in Japan, however, who took the final all-important
step to transform profound theory into a simple practice and thereby enable
ordinary people to reveal their highest state of life in the midst of
day-to-day realities.
Nichiren Daishonin realized his purpose was to reveal this ultimate truth
to the people of his time and for all eternity. Hence, Nichiren Daishonin's
Buddhism is for the present age, and Shakyamuni and T'ien-t'ai prepared
the way.
Nichiren Daishonin lived from 1222 to 1282 during a tumultuous time of
social unrest and natural catastrophe in Japan. The son of a fisherman,
he became a religious acolyte and after a period of intensive study he
came to realize that the Lotus Sutra constitutes the heart of Buddhist
teachings.
He also brought it out of the realm of theoretical contemplation into
an actual experiential practice when he first chanted Nam-myoho-renge-kyo
(Devotion to the Mystic Law) on April 28, 1253, and later inscribed the
Gohonzon (the physical object of devotion for all humanity).
He subsequently dedicated his life to sharing his realization, despite
facing numerous persecutions for preaching what was considered by his
countymen a subversive doctrine. By declaring that embracing this law
had the power to allow all individuals to attain enlightenment, Nichiren
Daishonin disturbed the ruling class of politicians and priests who adhered
to other forms of Buddhism. Nonetheless, he gained a loyal following of
believers. He especially embraced ordinary people from all walks of life.
After Nichiren Daishonin's passing, his closest disciple, Nikko, kept
the true spirit of Buddhism alive. For the next six centuries, Nichiren
Daishonin's Buddhism was maintained by a relatively small religious group
until the early part of the twentieth century.
Tsunesaburo Makiguchi (1871--1944), an educator in Japan, was passionately
dedicated to the reform of the Japanese educational system, which emphasized
rote learning over critical independent thinking. He strove to develop
modes of education that would unleash the potential of the individual.
After studying Nichiren Daishonin's teachings, he realized that they could
provide the philosophical underpinnings for the value-creating education
that had been his lifetime goal.
In 1928, Mr. Makiguchi committed himself to practicing this Buddhism
along with a young teacher, Josei Toda (1900-1958), whom he had met in
1920. In 1930, they founded the Soka Kyoiku Gakkai, or "Value Creation
Education Society," as a laypersons' organization, drawing its membership
principally from among fellow educators.
Japan was then plunging headlong into war, a course diametrically opposed
to the Buddhist reverence for life. As World War II progressed, the militarist
government redoubled its efforts to crack down on all forms of dissidence.
Mr. Makiguchi and Toda found themselves under increasing pressure to compromise
their beliefs and practice the state religion of Shintoism.
Finally, the government asked the high priest of Nichiren Shoshu to accept
a Shinto object of worship and enshrine it at the head temple. This would
be in direct contradiction with the teachings and spirit of Nichiren Daishonin.
The priests, fearful of their own safety and wanting to curry favor with
the authorities, accepted this governmental order to protect themselves
from persecution.
Mr. Makiguchi, however, refused to violate the spirit of Nichiren Daishonin's
Buddhism. His resistance to the government order led to his and Mr. Toda's
arrest and imprisonment as "thought criminals" in 1943 along
with other Soka Kyoiku Gakkai leaders.
Mr. Makiguchi, at 72, endured brutality and privation in prison, refusing
on all counts to compromise his convictions. The records of his interrogations
reveal a man propounding, without a trace of hesitation or fear, the very
thoughts that had led to his incarceration. On November 18, 1944, he died
at 73 in the Tokyo Detention House.
Josei Toda survived the ordeal and was released on July 3, 1945, just
weeks before Japan's surrender. The Soka Kyoiku Gakkai had all but disintegrated
under wartime persecution. Though physically ravaged by two years in prison,
he immediately set about rebuilding the organization. It was renamed the
Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society).
Mr. Toda resolved that the mission of this new organization should not
be confined to the field of education but rather that it be expanded to
the betterment of society as a whole. The Soka Gakkai rapidly grew under
Josei Toda's leadership to more than 750,000 households by the time of
his death in 1958.
His responsibilities were assumed by Daisaku Ikeda, who became the third
president on May 3, 1960. Mr. Ikeda had met Mr. Toda at age 19 and committed
himself to practicing the ideals of the Soka Gakkai, making Mr. Toda his
mentor.
Mr. Ikeda has dedicated himself continually to fulfilling the vision
Mr. Toda shared with him in the areas of peace, culture and education,
based on Nichiren Daishonin's teachings. Through his international travels
beginning in 1960, Mr. Ikeda has contributed greatly to Buddhism becoming
a truly global religion. In 1975, the Soka Gakkai International was formed,
and today, Nichiren Daishonin's Buddhism is being practiced by more than
18 million people in 163 countries under the auspices of the SGI.
***
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